Invaginación Apendicular en preescolar: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Appendicular invagination in a pre-school child; a case-report and literature review

La invaginación intestinal sucede cuando un segmento del intestino se introduce en otro. La presentación apendicular es menos común, afectando principalmente a lactantes. Frecuentemente, se comprueba durante el intraoperatorio. El tratamiento es la desinvaginación, seguido de la exéresis del apéndice. De no lograrse, se prefiere la resección amplia o una hemicolectomía derecha. Se presenta en caso de una niña de 4 años que acudió por dolor abdominal, hiporexia, vómitos y sensación de alza térmica; la ecografía mostró conglomeración de asas intestinales e imagen redondeada. En cirugía se encontró invaginación apendicular que compromete el ciego, se resecó la masa hasta el inicio del colon ascendente. Se realizó una ileostomía sin fístula mucosa; el estudio anatomo-patológico informó necrosis del apéndice cecal. Tres meses después se restituyó el tránsito intestinal. La Intususcepción apendicular tiene síntomas inespecíficos. En Perú, puede llegar a ser mortal. Una historia clínica detallada con evaluación minuciosa ofrece un acertado diagnóstico y un tratamiento oportuno.

SUMMARY Intestinal invagination occurs when an intestinal segment is introduced into another segment. The appendicular presentation is less common and affects predominantly infants. The diagnosis is corroborated during the surgical intervention which consists of de-invagination followed by surgical removal of the appendix, if the latter is not possible then a wide resection or right hemicolectomy is indicated. We present the case of a 4-year-old girl who attended with a history of abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting and fever; an abdominal ultrasound showed intestinal agglomeration and a rounded mass. The surgical findings included appendicular invagination that affected the cecum, the lesion was resected until the ascending colon. An ileostomy was performed, the anatomopathological findings indicated necrosis of the appendix. Three months later the normal intestinal transit was restored. Appendicular intussusception has non-specific symptoms and could be mortal in Peru. A detailed clinical history may help in diagnosing and offering proper treatment.

Manejo de la Diverticulitis Apendicular: una patología poco común

La diverticulitis apendicular es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con una incidencia aproximada de 1%. Se define por la presencia de divertículos verdaderos o falsos en la pared del apéndice cecal. Durante la fase aguda posee una clínica indistinguible a la apendicitis, sin embargo en ocasiones presenta características clínicas particulares que la distinguen de la apendicitis aguda, tales como la presencia de dolor abdominal insidioso o intermitente y/o ausencia de sintomatología gastrointestinal (náuseas, vómitos o anorexia). En la diverticulitis apendicular las técnicas imagenológicas son de utilidad limitada al otorgar información inespecífica, por lo que el diagnóstico tiende a realizarse mediante el estudio anatomopatológico del apéndice posterior a una intervención quirúrgica en paciente con cuadro clínico compatible con apendicitis aguda. El tratamiento de elección corresponde a la apendicectomía, lo que permite evitar complicaciones futuras como por ejemplo perforación apendicular, neoplasias, entre otros. Se obtuvieron los datos de fuentes como Pubmed y Scielo. Específicamente la búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisiones sistemáticas, preferentemente menores a 15 años de publicación en revistas científicas de alto índice de impacto, con las palabras "diverticulitis apendicular", "diverticulosis" y "complicaciones diverticulares".

Appendiceal diverticulitis is a rare disease with an incidence of approximately 1%. It is defined by the presence of true or false diverticula in the wall of the cecal appendix. During the acute phase, it has symptoms that are indistinguishable from appendicitis, however, it sometimes presents particular clinical characteristics that distinguish it from acute appendicitis, such as the presence of insidious or intermittent abdominal pain and/or the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, or anorexia). In appendiceal diverticulitis, imaging techniques are of limited utility as they provide non-specific information, so the diagnosis tends to be made through the pathology study of the treatment after surgery in a patient with a clinical picture compatible with acute appendicitis. The treatment of choice corresponds to appendectomy, which allows avoiding future complications such as appendiceal perforation, neoplasms, among others. Data were obtained from sources such as Pubmed and Scielo, specifically searching for original articles and systematic reviews with the words "apendicular diverticulitis", "diverticulosis" and "diverticular complications". The criteria used were articles mainly under 5 years of publication in high-impact scientific journals.

A male patient with amyand hernia: A case report and literature review

An Amyand hernia is a protrusion of an organ or its fascia through the wall of the abdominal cavity which contains the appendix, which has an incidence rate of 0.5–1% of the many hernia cases. This review reports the case findings of a 63-year-old male patient with an inguinal hernia containing the appendix (Amyand hernia). The patient came with complaints of abdominal pain and a lump in his testicles, with a history of frequent lumps coming and going. Physical examination from the right inguinal to the scrotal sac found a lump the size of three adult fists with the same skin color as the surroundings. The patient was diagnosed with a giant right scrotal hernia and underwent herniorrhaphy surgery and mesh placement. During the operation, the appendix and mesoappendix were visible upon opening the hernia sac, so it was decided to perform an appendectomy, return the contents of the hernia sac into the abdominal cavity, and do a mesh installation. Amyand hernia itself presents a diagnostic challenge because of its low incidence, vague clinical signs and symptoms, and lack of clear radiological diagnostic features. In addition, there are still no clear guidelines for its management.

Apendagitis aguda como causa infrecuente de abdomen agudo quirúrgico. Reporte de caso / Acute Appendagitis as a Rare Cause of Surgical Acute Abdomen. Case Report

Resumen Introducción: El dolor abdominal se constituye como uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en los servicios de urgencias, su adecuado abordaje diagnóstico determina el tratamiento a elegir por parte del médico a cargo del caso; este a su vez puede optar por un manejo médico o quirúrgico, todo esto si se considera la causa subyacente de la sintomatología que presenta el paciente. Caso clínico: En el presente artículo se presenta el caso de un paciente del sexo masculino en la quinta década de la vida, con antecedente quirúrgico de apendicetomía; el cual consulta por cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal intenso de localización en la fosa iliaca derecha. En el examen físico fue llamativa la presencia de signos de irritación peritoneal, por lo cual se solicitaron estudios serológicos que se encontraron dentro de los parámetros normales, además una tomografía computada de abdomen que reveló trabeculación de grasa pericecal. El paciente persistió sintomático, por lo que fue llevado a exploración vía abierta de la cavidad abdominal, con hallazgo intraoperatorio de apendagitis aguda. Conclusión: A pesar de ser una causa infrecuente de abdomen agudo quirúrgico, la apendagitis aguda siempre debe ser un diagnóstico a considerar por parte de los médicos de urgencias y los cirujanos. El disponer de estudios de imagen que permitan una adecuada caracterización del cuadro clínico va a ser fundamental para el manejo de los pacientes, más, si se tiene en cuenta toda la variedad de entidades que se presentan en la cavidad abdominal.

Abstract Introduction: Abdominal pain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in the emergency services, its adequate diagnostic approach determines the treatment to be chosen by the doctor in charge of the case; This in turn can opt for medical or surgical management, all this if the underlying cause of the symptoms presented by the patient is considered. Clinical case: This article presents the case of a male patient in the fifth decade of life, with a surgical history of appendectomy, which he consults due to a clinical picture of intense abdominal pain located in the right iliac fossa. In the physical examination, the presence of signs of peritoneal irritation was striking, for which serological studies were requested, which were found to be within normal parameters, in addition to a computed tomography of the abdomen that revealed trabeculation of pericecal fat. The patient persisted with symptoms, so he was taken for open abdominal cavity exploration, with an intraoperative finding of acute appendagitis. Conclusion: Despite being an infrequent cause of acute surgical abdomen, acute appendagitis should always be a diagnosis to be considered by emergency physicians and surgeons. The availability of imaging studies that allow an adequate characterization of the clinical picture is going to be essential for the management of patients, especially if the whole variety of entities that occur in the abdominal cavity are taken into account.

Diagnóstico fortuito de neoplasia mucinosa de apéndice establecido durante la cesárea / Incidental diagnosis of mucinous neoplasm of appendix established during caesarean section

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los tumores del apéndice son bastante excepcionales y el adenocarcinoma mucinoso es el más frecuente de estos tumores. Esta patología es aún más infrecuente en pacientes embarazadas. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 43 años, en curso de las 38.1 semanas del primer embarazo. Antecedentes: diabetes gestacional y obesidad mórbida. Se hospitalizó para practicarle la cesárea de urgencia, indicada por restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, sin posibilidad de una conducta expectante. En la ecografía de control prenatal del primer trimestre se describió la existencia de una masa quística, tabicada, de aproximadamente 12 x 12 cm. En la resonancia magnética nuclear de abdomen se encontró una lesión quística en el flanco derecho, de probable origen de masa anexial derecha de 12 x 9 cm. El estudio histopatológico reportó el hallazgo de una neoplasia mucinosa de bajo grado, asociada con extravasación extramural de mucina del apéndice cecal y un pseudomixoma peritoneal. CONCLUSIÓN: El hallazgo de una neoplasia mucinosa del apéndice en una paciente embarazada es sumamente raro. Su diagnóstico supone un reto, sobre todo en quienes no tienen síntomas. Aunque hay padecimientos más frecuentes en las mujeres, como los tumores de ovario o la apendicitis, vale la pena tener en cuenta este cuadro clínico en futuras pacientes. Se requiere mayor investigación de esta neoplasia en embarazadas para optimizar los métodos diagnósticos y poder tratarla de manera oportuna y evitar dañar al feto o la madre.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Tumours of the appendix are quite rare, with mucinous adenocarcinoma being the most frequent of these tumours. This pathology is even rarer in pregnant patients. CLINICAL CASE: 43-year-old patient, in the course of 38.1 weeks of her first pregnancy. History: gestational diabetes and morbid obesity. She was hospitalised for emergency caesarean section, indicated for intrauterine growth restriction, with no possibility of expectant management. The first trimester prenatal ultrasound scan showed a cystic mass, septate, measuring approximately 12 x 12 cm. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed a cystic lesion in the right flank, probably caused by a right adnexal mass measuring 12 x 9 cm. Histopathological study reported the finding of a low-grade mucinous neoplasm associated with extramural extravasation of mucin from the cecal appendix and a peritoneal pseudomyxoma. CONCLUSION: The finding of a mucinous neoplasm of the appendix in a pregnant patient is extremely rare. It is challenging to diagnose, especially in those without symptoms. Although there are more common conditions in women, such as ovarian tumours or appendicitis, this condition is worth considering in future patients. Further investigation of this neoplasm in pregnant women is needed to optimise diagnostic methods to treat it in a timely manner and to avoid harm to the foetus or the mother.

Acute appendicitis secondary to metastatic uterine cervix squamous cell carcinoma. Case report / Apendicitis aguda como manifestación clínica secundaria a metástasis de un carcinoma de células escamosas del cérvix. Reporte de caso

Primary and secondary neoplasms of the appendix are rare and found in approximately 1% of surgical appendectomy specimens. Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) spreads mainly by direct local invasion of adjacent tissues and lymphatics and, less commonly, through blood vessels. The spread of CSCC via lymphatics occurs early and is present in 25-50% of patients with stage IB and II carcinomas. We present a 31-year-old female with a history of stage IVB CSCC. The patient received palliative radiotherapy (3 Gy divided for a total of 30 Gy) and later chemotherapy (cisplatin 50 mg/m2 IV and paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 IV). Two months after the onset of therapy with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, she was admitted to the hospital, presenting with abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. Laparotomy revealed perforated appendicitis and an intra-abdominal abscess with no evidence of ovary or fallopian tube compromise. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen evidenced a severe acute inflammatory process and the presence of CSCC. In summary, we describe the second case of acute appendicitis secondary to metastatic CSCC, published in the medical literature. This is an interesting case due to the rarity of acute appendicitis associated with metastatic cervical cancer in the appendix via lymphatic vessels. The history of CSCC played a significant role in defining the histopathological diagnosis.

Las neoplasias primarias y secundarias del apéndice son raras y se encuentran en aproximadamente el 1% de las muestras de apendicectomía quirúrgica. El carcinoma de células escamosas del cuello uterino (CECU) se disemina principalmente por invasión local directa de los tejidos y por vía linfática, y con menor frecuencia a través de los vasos sanguíneos. La diseminación de CECU por vía linfática ocurre de manera temprana y está presente en el 25-50% de los pacientes con carcinomas en estadio IB y II. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 31 años con antecedente de CECU estadio IVB. La paciente recibió radioterapia paliativa (3 Gy fraccionada para un total de 30 Gy) y posteriormente quimioterapia (cisplatino 50 mg/m2 IV y paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 IV). Dos meses después del inicio de la terapia con radioterapia y quimioterapia, ingresó al hospital presentando dolor abdominal, fiebre y vómitos. La laparotomía reveló apendicitis perforada y un absceso intraabdominal sin evidencia de compromiso de ovario o trompa de Falopio. El examen histopatológico del espécimen extirpado evidenció un proceso inflamatorio agudo severo y la presencia de CECU. En conclusión, describimos el segundo caso de apendicitis aguda secundaria a CECU metastásico, publicado en la literatura médica. Este es un caso interesante debido a la rareza de la apendicitis aguda asociada con el cáncer de cuello uterino metastásico en el apéndice a través de los vasos linfáticos. La historia previa de CECU tuvo un papel importante para definir el diagnóstico histopatológico.

Apéndice cecal invertida: hallazgos en colonoscopía / Inverted cecal appendix: colonoscopy findings

Introducción. El apéndice cecal invertido, inversión apendicular o intususcepción apendicular, corresponde a una condición anatómica descrita en 1859. La primera operación de invaginación apendicular se realizó en 1890, y desde entonces se han descrito diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas y endoscópicas para el tratamiento de esta alteración. Casos clínicos. Se presentandos casos de pacientes a quienes se les indicó colonoscopia como parte de estudio de dolor abdominal y diarrea y se identificó una intususcepción apendicular completa y apendicitis y una inversión del muñón apendicular. Resultados. Mediante la colonoscopia se hizo el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en una de las pacientes, quien presentaba inversión apendicular completa tipo 5, que fue tratada con manejo farmacológico y seguimiento clínico. En la otra paciente hubo un hallazgo incidental de inversión del muñón apendicular tipo 3. Conclusiones. Durante la realización de estudios colonoscópicos, se debe tener en cuenta el diagnóstico de intususcepción apendicular o apéndice invertido, para evitar intervenciones erróneas, como polipectomías, que generen riesgo potencial en los pacientes.

Introduction. Inverted cecal appendix, appendicular inversion or appendicular intussusception, corresponds to an anatomical condition described in 1859. The first appendicular invagination operation was performed in 1890, and since then different surgical and endoscopic techniques have been described for its treatment. Clinical cases. We present two patients who underwent colonoscopy as part of the study of abdominal pain and diarrhea and in whom were identified a complete appendicular intussusception and appendicitis, and an inversion of the appendicular stump. Results. Through colonoscopy, the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made in one of the patients, who presented type 5 complete appendicular inversion, which was treated with pharmacological management and clinical follow-up. In the other patient, the incidental finding of inversion of the appendicular stump type 3 was made. Conclusions. During colonoscopy, the diagnosis of appendicular intussusception or inverted appendix must be taken into account to avoid erroneous interventions such as polypectomies that generate potential risk in patients.

Cistadenoma mucinoso del apéndice cecal en paciente con cuadro clínico de apendicitis aguda operado de apendicetomía por laparoscopia / Report of a Patient Case with a Clinical Picture of Acute Appendicitis, Underwent Emergency Surgery due to Laparoscopic Appendectomy

Resumen Los mucoceles del apéndice son raros, predominan en mujeres y suelen presentarse como una masa palpable en el cuadrante inferior derecho. La mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos. El mucocele se define como una dilatación quística de la luz apendicular causada por la acumulación de mucina. Se presenta el caso de un paciente del sexo masculino en la séptima década de la vida, con cuadro clínico de abdomen agudo con sospecha de apendicitis aguda. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica laparoscópica de hemicolectomía tras encontrar hallazgos de tumoración dependiente de colon ascendente (región de ciego), indurada de 80 × 100 mm aproximadamente, realizando hemicolectomía derecha más anastomosis ilecolónica lateroterminal con adecuada evolución postquirúrgica.

Abstract Mucoceles of the appendix are rare, predominate in women and usually present as a palpable mass in the right lower quadrant. Most patients are asymptomatic. The mucocele is defined as a cystic dilatation of the appendicular lumen caused by mucin accumulation. We present the case of a male patient in his seventh decade with clinical symptoms of acute abdomen with suspicion of acute appendicitis, laparoscopic hemicolectomy surgery was performed after finding findings of tumor dependent on ascending colon (blind region), indurated 80 × 100 mm approximately, performing right hemicolectomy plus ileocolonic lateroterminal anastomosis with adequate postoperative evolution.

Mucinous appendiceal neoplasms and pseudomyxoma peritonei: Morphological and clinical findings, differential diagnosis, and prognosis

Background: Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (LAMN) of the appendix have bland cytological features and well-differentiated morphology. Despite this, they may cause a pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) disease characterized by mucinous deposits in the peritoneal cavity and may exhibit malignant behavior. Aims and Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the clinical course and histopathological findings of LAMN. The rate of progression to PMP, factors affecting its development, and the clinical course of cases with PMP were investigated. Materials and Methods: Twelve thousand and forty-seven cases who underwent appendectomy were reviewed, and 71 mucinous lesions cases whose slides are in our archive were included in the study. Histopathological findings were re-evaluated. Morphological findings that guide the differential diagnosis, the clinical course of the patients, and factors affecting PMP development were determined. Results: The cases were divided into group 1 non-neoplastic (9.9%), group 2 benign (18.3%), group 3 LAMN (60.6), and group 4 malignant neoplasms (11.3%). Age, gender, appendix diameter, gross appearance, epithelial characteristics, and presence of microcalcification were significantly different between the patient groups. The presence of mucin in the ileocecal region was found to be significant in the development of PMP. It was observed that the additional procedure performed after the appendectomy did not prevent a recurrence. Conclusion: LAMNs are lesions with characteristic findings and different behaviors. The only method to distinguish from the lesions included in the differential diagnosis is to interpret the histopathological findings correctly. Additional operations after appendectomy do not contribute to preventing recurrence.

Amyand Hernia — An Uncommon Coexistence of Two Common Disease Entities

Amyand hernia is a very rare disorder characterized by presence of appendix (normal, inflamed or perforated) in the hernia sac. Though it is usually detected intra-operatively, ultrasonography or computerized tomographic scan done preoperatively may provide a clue. The presentation is determined by the condition of the appendix, and can mimic an incarcerated hernia. Though there are no standardized treatment protocols, management is mostly dictated by the condition of the appendix. We present the case of a 62-year-old male patient who presented with right sided obstructed inguinal hernia, which intra-operatively revealed an Amyand Hernia.

Hernia of De Garengeot an up to date of diagnosis, initial management and treatment: a narrative review and a case study report / Hernia de De Garengeot: diagnóstico, manejo inicial y tratamiento actualizados: una revisión narrativa y un informe de estudio de caso

INTRODUCTION A De Garengeot hernia is defined by a femoral hernia containing the appendix. Acute appendicitis within a femoral hernia is an extremely rare surgical presentation and occurs in only 0.08-0.013% of cases cited in the literature and 5 to 15% of all femoral hernias. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency room of our hospital in our ward with acute onset of a right-sided inguinal swelling that occurred earlier that day after performing a heavy lift. Her examination revealed acute appendicitis contained within an incarcerated right femoral hernia. The patient underwent laparoscopic appendectomy with open femoral hernia repair. Intraoperatively, the tip of the appendix was incarcerated within the hernial sac. She was removed through the open inguinal incision after the base of the appendix has been divided laparoscopically. The final pathology showed acute inflamed appendicitis with no evidence of neoplasm. DISCUSSION Physicians should be aware of the rare extent of an unusual presentation of appendicitis such as well as surgical options for treatment. The literature does not conclude on a gold standard for the method of approach. CONCLUSION De Garengeot's hernia remains a rare and unusual surgical presentation of femoral hernia, and the complication of the case by incarceration leading to acute appendicitis provides a challenging surgical approach that should be personalized for each patient

Tumor carcinoide de células caliciformes apendicular con metástasis endometrial

El tumor carcinoide de células caliciformes es una neoplasia mixta casi exclusiva del apéndice, con diferenciación neuroendocrina y mucinosa. La afección metastásica endometrial por carcinomas extragenitales, especialmente el tipo de células de anillo de sello, es rara. Se presenta un caso de tumor carcinoide de células caliciformes apendicular con metástasis endometrial. Se trató de paciente femenina de 70 años quien presentó sangrado genital. El examen ginecológico mostró sangrado genital en moderada cantidad de color rojo-marrón y cuello uterino endurecido. En la biopsia endometrial se halló nidos de células de anillo de sello. La impresión diagnóstica provisional fue carcinoma mal diferenciado de probable origen intestinal. Durante la intervención, el útero tenía consistencia pétrea, el apéndice cecal era fibrótico y engrosado y el epiplón engrosado con nódulos tumorales. Las secciones anatómicas del cuello y cuerpo uterino mostraron focos tumorales. En el apéndice cecal se encontró acúmulos de pequeño tamaño compuestos por células caliciformes. La inmunotinción fue positiva a sinaptofisina, CDX-2, EMA, CK20, CD56 focal. Estos hallazgos confirmaron el diagnóstico de tumor carcinoide de células caliciformes, un tumor caracterizado por infiltración de la pared apendicular por pequeños nidos o cordones de células caliciformes con mucina intracitoplasmática y expresión focal de marcadores neuroendocrinos. Estas neoplasias tienen un comportamiento más agresivo que los tumores neuroendocrinos. La metástasis endometrial es rara y puede ser confundida con un carcinoma primario de células de anillo de sello. Se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial después de excluir otros tumores primarios.

Goblet cell carcinoid tumor is an almost exclusive mixed neoplasm of the appendix with neuroendocrine and mucinous differentiation. Endometrial metastatic involvement by extragenital carcinomas, especially the signet ring cell type, is rare. A case of appendiceal goblet cell carcinoid tumor with endometrial metastasis is presented. This was a 70-year-old female patient who presented with genital bleeding. The gynecological examination showed moderate red-brown genital bleeding and hardened cervix. Endometrial biopsy reported nests of signet ring cells. The provisional diagnostic impression was poorly differentiated carcinoma of probable intestinal origin. During surgery, the uterus had a stony consistency, the cecal appendix was fibrotic and thickened, and the omentum was thickened with tumor nodules. Anatomical sections of the cervix and uterine body showed tumor foci. In the cecal appendix, small clusters composed of goblet cells were found. Immunostaining was positive for synaptophysin, CDX-2, EMA, CK20, focal CD56. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of goblet cell carcinoid tumor, a tumor characterized by infiltration of the appendiceal wall by small nests or cords of goblet cells with intracytoplasmic mucin and focal expression of neuroendocrine markers. These neoplasms have a more aggressive behavior than neuroendocrine tumors. Endometrial metastasis is rare and can be mistaken for a primary signet ring cell carcinoma. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis after other primary tumors have been excluded.

De garengeot's hernia: case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: De Garengeot hernia is an entity mainly diagnosed intraoperatively. It is more frequently observed in women and is defined as the presence of the vermiform appendix inside to femoral hernia. Most femoral hernias are identified based on clinical diagnosis, but diagnostic imaging is necessary for confirmation. Ultrasound, for example, is a valuable tool to characterize the anatomy of the hernia and its content, and to establish surgical planning. Case presentation: A 75-year-old woman attended the general surgery department of a high complexity hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, due to a painful mass in the right inguinal region. The initial ultrasound study showed a femoral hernia containing the incarcerated appendix and periappendiceal fluid in the hernial sac. The patient developed chronic appendiceal inflammation, so she underwent femoral hernia repair with mesh and appendectomy without complications, achieving a satisfactory recovery. Conclusion: Clinical examination may be sufficient to confirm the presence of a hernia in a large number of cases when the diagnostic approach involves the search of inguinal masses with pain. However, to facilitate surgical planning, diagnostic imaging, especially ultrasound with high-resolution transducers, is the primary tool to characterize the type of hernia and the contents of the hernial sac.

RESUMEN Introducción. La hernia de Garengeot es una entidad cuyo diagnóstico es principalmente intraoperatorio, se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres y corresponde al hallazgo del apéndice cecal contenido en una hernia femoral. La mayoría de las hernias femorales se identifican mediante diagnóstico clínico, pero para su verificación es importante hacer una valoración con imágenes diagnósticas: el ultrasonido, por ejemplo, es una herramienta valiosa para caracterizar la anatomía de la hernia y su contenido, y para establecer el planeamiento quirúrgico. Presentación de caso. Mujer de 75 años quien asistió al servicio de cirugía general de un hospital de alta complejidad de Bogotá, Colombia, por presentar una masa dolorosa en región inguinal derecha. El estudio ecográfico inicial mostró una hernia femoral conteniendo el apéndice cecal con septos internos que separaban el líquido dentro del saco herniario. La paciente presentó inflamación crónica en el apéndice, por lo que se le practicó herniorrafía femoral con malla y apendicectomía sin complicaciones y con las cuales tuvo una recuperación satisfactoria. Conclusiones. El examen clínico puede ser suficiente para confirmar la presencia de una hernia en un gran número de casos cuando se hace el abordaje diagnóstico de masas inguinales con presencia de dolor; sin embargo, las imágenes diagnósticas, especialmente la ecografía con transductores de alta resolución, constituyen la herramienta de primera línea para caracterizar el tipo de hernia y el contenido del saco herniario, lo que facilita la planeación quirúrgica.

Adenocarcinoma de apéndice, un diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con dolor abdominal. Reporte de caso / Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix, a Differential Diagnosis in Patients with Abdominal Pain. Case Report / Adenocarcinoma do apêndice, diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes com dor abdominal. Relato de caso

Introducción. El dolor abdominal agudo es una causa frecuente de consulta en los servicios de urgencias. Su incidencia es alrededor del 5%, de los cuales el 10%- 25% de los pacientes requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. Las neoplasias apendiculares primarias son infrecuentes, actualmente representan 1% de las neoplasias malignas de origen gastrointestinal. Existe un predominio en mujeres y se debe sospechar en pacientes con factores de riesgo. El objetivo es entender la importancia del diagnóstico oportuno en el abordaje del paciente con dolor abdominal agudo. Presentación del caso. Mujer con cuadro clínico de 5 días de dolor abdominal, con hallazgo en tomografía de abdomen de marcada dilatación quística del apéndice cecal con calcificaciones lineales y nodulares en la pared y su interior. Intraoperariamente, se realizó hemicolectomía derecha con resultado histológico de neoplasia mucinosa del apéndice (adenoma serrado) con pérdida de la muscularis mucosae, catalogándolo como adenocarcinoma de bajo grado. Discusión. Los tumores apendiculares representan el 1% de las neoplasias malignas de origen gastrointestinal, son un hallazgo incidental (0.7-1.4%) en los procedimientos de apendicectomía. El diagnóstico es histopatológico y el pronóstico se relaciona con la clasificación. Es importante conocer, identificar y sospechar esta patología dada su infrecuencia, con lo cual se puede mejorar el pronóstico en los pacientes. Conclusión. Los tumores apendiculares son infrecuentes, los cuales deben ser incluidos en el grupo de patologías causantes de dolor abdominal agudo.

Introduction. Acute abdominal pain is a frequent cause of consultation to emergency services. Its incidence is about 5%, of which 10%-25% of patients require surgical treatment. Primary appendiceal neoplasms are infrequent. They currently represent 1% of malignant neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin. They are predominant in women and must be suspected in patients with risk factors. The objective is to understand the importance of timely diagnosis in approaching patients with acute abdominal pain. Case report. A woman with clinical condition of 5 days of abdominal pain. Marked cystic dilation of the cecal appendix with linear and nodular calcifications on its wall and interior found in a tomography of the abdomen. Intraoperatively, a right hemicolectomy was performed with a histological result of mucinous neoplasm of the appendix (serrated adenoma) with loss of the muscularis mucosae, classifying it as a low grade adenocarcinoma. Discussion. Appendiceal tumors represent 1% of malignant neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin, with an incidental finding (0.7-1.4%) in appendectomy procedures. The diagnosis is histopathological, and prognosis is related to its classification. It is important to know, identify and suspect this pathology due to its infrequency, which can improve the patient's prognosis. Conclusion. Appendiceal tumors are infrequent and should be included in the group of pathologies that cause acute abdominal pain.

Introdução. A dor abdominal aguda é causa frequente de consulta nos serviços de emergência. Sua incidência é em torno de 5%, dos quais entre 10% e 25% dos pacientes necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico. As neoplasias primárias de apêndice são raras, representando atualmente 1% das neoplasias malignas de origem gastrointestinal. Há predominância em mulheres e deve-se suspeitar em pacientes com fatores de risco. O objetivo é compreender a importância do diagnóstico oportuno na abordagem de pacientes com dor abdominal aguda. Relato de caso. Mulher com quadro clínico de dor abdominal por 5 dias, com achado tomográfico de abdome de dilatação cística acentuada do apêndice cecal com calcificações lineares e nodulares na parede e seu interior. No intraoperatório foi realizada hemicolectomia direita com resultado histológico de neoplasia mucinosa de apêndice (adenoma serrilhado) com perda da muscularis mucosae, classificando-a como adenocarcinoma de baixo grau. Discussão. Os tumores apendiculares representam 1% das neoplasias malignas de origem gastrointestinal, sendo um achado incidental (0.7-1.4%) em procedimentos de apendicectomia. O diagnóstico é histopatológico e o prognóstico está relacionado à classificação. É importante conhecer, identificar e suspeitar desta patologia dada a sua infrequência, o que pode melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes. Conclusão. Os tumores apendiculares são pouco frequentes e devem ser incluídos no grupo de patologias que causam dor abdominal aguda.

Management of appendicitis in coronavirus disease 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, pandemic era: decreasing incidence with increasing complicated cases?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on appendicitis and the relevant outcomes in a tertiary hospital, designated as a "pandemic institution" by the Ministry of Health, between pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19, i.e., between 2019 and 2020, of the identical period in terms of the annual schedule. METHODS: The data of cases with acute appendicitis, who were followed up at the Department of General Surgery, a 400-bed, tertiary care, a university-affiliated education and research hospital, providing health care to a population of approximately 450,000 people, during the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, during the identical time intervals of pre-COVID-19 (March 12, 2020 to November 12, 2020) and post-COVID-19 (March 12, 2019 to November 12, 2019), were retrospectively analyzed in a detail. RESULTS: Of the 212 appendectomy operations in total, 99 (46.7%) were performed in the pre-COVID-19 and 113 (53.3%) were performed in post-COVID-19. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, patients who had undergone appendectomies in post-COVID-19 revealed significantly lower neutrophil counts and significantly greater appendix diameters (p<0.001 for both). A significantly lower (p=0.041) acute appendicitis with abundant gangrenous appendicitis and phlegmonous appendicitis (p=0.043 and p=0.032, respectively) was recognized in post-COVID-19 compared with pre-COVID-19 interval. CONCLUSION: The number of appendectomy operations decreased in the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients operated during the pandemic period had wider appendix diameter and lower neutrophil levels. The pathological diagnosis was less frequent acute appendicitis, more frequent gangrenous appendicitis, and phlegmonous appendicitis in the pandemic period.

Case Report of a Metastatic Biliary Tract Neoplasm as an Unusual Cause of Appendicitis / Reporte de caso de neoplasia biliar metastásica como causa inusual de apendicitis

Abstract Introduction: We describe the case of a patient with appendiceal metastasis as the first manifestation of a cholangiocarcinoma. Main symptoms: Abdominal pain, jaundice, hyporexia, and choluria. Methods and results: We documented an appendiceal plastron histologically compatible with metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma, common hepatic duct stricture, and a suspected cholangiocarcinoma, later corroborated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Conclusions: Metastatic appendiceal tumors are an infrequent and poorly studied manifestation, whereas those secondary to bile duct neoplasia have rarely been reported in the literature.

Resumen Introducción: se describe el caso de una paciente con una metástasis apendicular como primera manifestación encontrada de un colangiocarcinoma. Síntomas principales: expresado con dolor abdominal, ictericia, hiporexia y coluria. Métodos y resultados: se documentó un plastrón apendicular histológicamente compatible con adenocarcinoma apendicular metastásico, estrechez del conducto hepático común, con alta sospecha de colangiocarcinoma, corroborado luego con la realización de una colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Conclusiones: los tumores apendiculares metastásicos son una presentación infrecuente y poco estudiada, donde los secundarios a neoplasia de vía biliar se han reportados de forma muy escasa en la literatura.

Efficacy and safety in the use of intraperitoneal hyperthermia chemotherapy and peritoneal cytoreductive surgery for pseudomyxoma peritonei from appendiceal neoplasm: A systematic review

Abstract The objective of this systematic review is to provide efficacy and safety data in the application of Intra-Abdominal Hyperthermia Chemotherapy (HIPEC) and Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) in patients with Peritoneal Pseudomyxoma (PMP) of origin in the cecal appendix. The databases Medline and Central Cochrane were consulted. Patients with PMP of origin in the cecal appendix, classified as low grade, high or indeterminate, submitted to HIPEC and CRS. The results were meta-analyzed using the Comprehensive Metanalysis software. Twenty-six studies were selected to support this review. For low-grade PMP outcome, 60-month risk of mortality, Disease-Free Survival (DFS), and adverse events was 28.8% (95% CI 25.9 to 32), 43% (95% CI 36.4 and 49.8), and 46.7% (95% CI 40.7 to 52.8); for high-grade PMP, 60-month risk of mortality, Disease-Free Survival (DFS) and adverse events was 55.9% (95% CI 51.9 to 59.6), 20.1% (95% CI 15.5 to 25.7) and 30% (95% CI 25.2 to 35.3); PMP indeterminate degree, 60-month risk of mortality, Disease-Free Survival (DFS) and adverse events was 32.6% (95% CI 30.5 to 34.7), 61.8% (95% CI 58.8 to 64.7) and 32.9% (95% CI 30.5 to 35.4). The authors conclude that the HIPEC technique and cytoreductive surgery can be applied to selected cases of patients with PMP of peritoneal origin with satisfactory results.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of cecal appendix diameter in pediatric population

ABSTRACT Objective To stratify ultrasound samples in a pediatric population undergoing evaluation for acute appendicitis to examine the variability in cecal appendix diameter, in different age groups, and to determine whether there is a prevalent value for each age group. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study with 196 children aged 0 to 15 years. Data were extracted from reports of ultrasound examinations carried out between 2008 and 2015. Children with sonographic diagnosis of appendicitis or other signs of periappendiceal inflammation were excluded. Results The evaluation of the anteroposterior measurement of the cecal appendix revealed a mean diameter of 4.14mm (standard deviation: 0.93mm; 95%CI: 3.86-4.14). Cecal appendix diameter did not differ significant between age groups. Conclusion Evaluation of the anteroposterior diameter of the cecal appendix in centimeters in a sample of 196 children aged 0 to15 years revealed a mean diameter of 4.14mm (standard deviation, 0.93mm. There were no significant differences in cecal appendix diameter following stratification by age. Results indicate a single value can be adopted for mean cecal appendix diameter in pediatric populations.

Preliminary observation on endoscopic treatment for polyps in appendix cavity / 中华消化内镜杂志

From January 2016 to December 2020, 6 cases of polyps in the appendix cavity with a diameter of 0.3-1.3 cm were treated by endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University. All 6 cases underwent endoscopic treatment successfully, including 3 cases of en bloc endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 1 case of piecemeal EMR, 1 case of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and 1 case of removed by cold forceps. No complications such as bleeding, perforation, infection or acute appendicitis occurred.The wound healed well with no recurrence after re-examination in 3 cases, and 3 others were not re-examined by colonoscopy yet. The results preliminarily confirmed that endoscopic treatment of intraluminal polyps in the appendix cavity is safe and effective.

Amyand's hernia, case report and review of current literature

ABSTRACT Introduction: Amyand's hernia (appendix trapped within an inguinal hernia) is a rare clinical condition that groups two common surgical diseases: acute appendicitis and inguinal hernia. Its preoperative diagnosis is difficult, so it should be considered in cases of inguinal hernia before an inflammatory process occurs in the appendix to avoid complications. Although there is no consensus on its treatment, current classifications serve as a guide for a timely surgical resolution. Case presentation: A 57-year-old male patient from the southern coast of Ecuador consulted the emergency department of a secondary level health care institution due to a 24-hour history of painful and irreducible mass in the right inguinal region associated with hyporexia. The patient was diagnosed with incarcerated inguinal hernia and underwent a right inguinal hernioplasty, during which the appendix and cecum were found inside the hernia sac. Hernioplasty and appendectomy were performed using the Lichtenstein technique. The patient was discharged in good conditions and did not have any complications at 8- and 15-day follow-up. Conclusions: Amyand's hernia is increasingly reported. It is difficult to diagnose preoperatively due to its nonspecific symptoms. When suspected, imaging studies help its visualization and guide an individualized and early treatment, together with the current classifications of this type of hernias.

RESUMEN Introducción. La hernia de Amyand es una condición clínica infrecuente que agrupa a dos patologías quirúrgicas habituales: apendicitis aguda y hernia inguinal; en esta entidad el apéndice vermiforme se encuentra en el interior del saco de una hernia inguinal. Su diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil, por lo que debe tenerse en cuenta en casos de hernia inguinal antes de que se presente un proceso inflamatorio, el cual puede traer más complicaciones; además, aunque no existe un consenso para el manejo según las clasificaciones actuales, estas sirven de guía para una resolución quirúrgica oportuna. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 57 años procedente de la costa sur de Ecuador, quien consultó al servicio de emergencias de una institución de segundo nivel de atención por un cuadro clínico de 24 horas de evolución que inició con la aparición de una masa dolorosa e irreductible en la región inguinal derecha asociada a hiporexia. El paciente fue diagnosticado con hernia inguinal incarcerada y se le practicó una hernioplastia inguinal derecha en la que se encontró el apéndice y el ciego dentro del saco herniario; durante este procedimiento también se realizó apendicectomía y hernioplastia con técnica de Lichtenstein. El paciente fue dado de alta en buenas condiciones y en controles posteriores, a los 8 y 15 días de la cirugía, no presentó complicaciones. Conclusiones. La hernia de Amyand es una entidad cada vez más frecuente que tiene un difícil diagnóstico preoperatorio debido a su cuadro clínico inespecífico. Ante la sospecha de esta patología se deben realizar estudios de imagenología que ayuden a su visualización y orienten, junto con las clasificaciones actuales de este tipo de hernias, un manejo individualizado y temprano.